Chemistry & Biochemistry: APA 7th Edition

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. (2020) is the authority used by writers in the social sciences and some natural sciences. Copies are available at the Library's Research Center (Library North 1) and Circulation desk for limited-time checkout (Library South 1).

In-text citation is the brief form of the citations appearing in the body of the work.
Reference list is the complete form of the citations appearing at the end of the work.

1. APA 7th Edition (article, book, website, and in-text citing)

2. APA 7th Edition (article, book, book chapter)

3. APA 7th Edition (other reference examples like YouTube, conference, PowerPoint, )

4. Scribbr (Reference lists)

5. APA HELP

• APA (7th Edition)
• SAMPLE Papers
• In-text Citations
• Quotations
• Writing & Grammar

YouTube References

YouTube

• Use the name of the account that uploaded the video as the author.
• Provide the specific date on which the video was uploaded.
• Italicize the title of the video.
• Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title.
• Provide the site name (YouTube) and URL of the video.

YouTube Channels

PowerPoint slides or lecture note references

APA style requires citing handouts and presentation slides in both in-text and reference list citations. Personal lecture notes are considered personal communications and are cited in-text only, omitting the reference list entry.

Note: If you cite more than one work in the same set of brackets in-text, you should follow the order of appearance in the reference list (i.e., alphabetical order, then oldest to newest for works by the same author). Separate each citation with a semi-colon. e.g.,

(1) Multiple works:

(Holmes, 2015; Jones & James, 2017; Smith et al., 2016)

(2) Same author with different years:

(Watson, 2015; 2018)

(3) Same author with multiple works in the same year:

(Lee, 2024a; 2024b)

Examples in-text:

Smith (2019) argues that...

Harris and Cook (2020) have discovered that...

Recent advancements in quantum computing have shown promise for solving complex computational problems more efficiently (Jones & Smith, 2022).

Brown et al. (2024) conducted a study which...

The report ("Title of Source," 2023) puts forward the idea...

Most scientists opt to paraphrase information, rephrasing it in their own words while providing appropriate references. Note that you will still need to reference the author and year of publication but not the page number in your in-text reference. e.g.,

The phenomenon of entanglement enables immediate correlation of properties between particles, irrespective of their spatial separation (Einstein & Rosen, 1935).

However, when directly quoting from a source, it's crucial to enclose the extracted information in quotation marks and attribute it to the author(s) along with the publication year and page numbers, if available.

Examples:

(1) You can introduce the quote with a signal phrase containing the author's last name and the publication date in parentheses.

According to Smith (2019), "Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where the quantum states of two or more objects are intertwined, even if vast distances separate them" (p. 45).

(2) If the author's name isn't integrated into the sentence, place the last name, publication year, and page number in parentheses following the quote.

It has been stated that "Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where the quantum states of two or more objects are intertwined, even if vast distances separate them" (Smith, 2019, p. 45).

(3) Where there are page ranges.

According to Johnson (2024, pp. 15-16), "Quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in computational capabilities. Its application potential spans across various sectors, promising advancements in cryptography, optimization, and drug discovery."

The reference list starts on a new page.

• Place the word "References", centered, in bold, at the top of the page.
• Reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of authors' surnames.
• Each entry in the reference list has a hanging indent, so that the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, but all other lines are indented (this is the opposite of the paragraph structure in the body of your essay).
• If there are two references by the same author, list them in order of publication date with the older one first.
• APA uses sentence case for all titles except for journal titles.

For example:
Smith, J. S. (n.d.)...
Peters, K. F. (2016)...
Lee, S., & Doyle, M. P. (2022)...

• If references by the same author(s) have been published in the same year, list them alphabetically by title. Letters 'a', 'b', etc.

For  example:
Smith, J. S. (2023a)...
Smith, J. S. (2023b)...

References

Barnet, S., Bellanca, P., & Stubbs, M. (2013). A short guide to college writing. Pearson Education.

Caron, T. (2008). Teaching writing as a con-artist: When is a writing problem not? College Teaching, 56(3), 137-139. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.56.3.137-139

Frogmouth, T. (2018). XX1001: X-ray vision: Week 1 learning plan. LearnJCU. https://learn.jcu.edu.uk/

Hardy, D. (2016). CP1403: Design thinking: Interpretation and define problem [PowerPoint file]. LearnJCU. https://learn.jcu.edu.au/

Queensland Health. (2017, April 9). Managing your asthma symptoms. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-alerts/news/managing-asthma-symptoms

The Weekly. (2017, May 10). The Weekly: Housing affordability [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/JFIfqn7WxqE

Walker, A. (n.d.). Playlists [YouTube channel]. YouTube. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/user/DjWalkzz/playlists

For more examples, see the libguide (James Cook University, Australia).

Reference management software, also known as citation management or bibliographic management software organizes bibliographic records and generates citations, essential for scholarly research. EndNote Online (EndNote Web) and Zotero are two examples that collect, organize, and manage your citations.