| CHARACTERISTICS | SCHOLARLY JOURNALS | POPULAR MAGAZINES | TRADE MAGAZINES |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADVERTISING | Few or no advertisements | Extensive advertising | Extensive advertising |
| AUDIENCE | Scholars and college students | General;broad based | Working Professionals |
| AUTHOR | Scholars and Researchers | Staff and freelance writers | Professionals and staff |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | Always include bibliographies | None | May offer a bibliography |
| LANGUAGE/TONE | Academic, research-oriented | Simple language | Professional terminology |
| LENGTH OF ARTICLE | Can be 6-40 pages | Varies; often short | Varies; often short |
| VISUAL DESIGN | Few or no pictures, Text w/statistics, few colors | Extensive pictures, Glossy, colorful | |
| PUBLISHER | University or professional organizations | For-profit commercial | Professional organizations |
| EXAMPLES | Shakespeare Quarterly, Medieval & Renaissance Drama in England, Literature/Film Quarterly | Time, National Geographic, Heirloom Gardener | Poets & Writers |